Land surface temperature
Building-level land-surface temperature — a hot-season maximum composite (Landsat 8/9, 2022–2024). A relative heat-exposure indicator: it reads hotter than air temperature and highlights where heat concentrates.
Land-surface temperature from Landsat 8/9, hot-season maximum composite (2022–2024). Surface (not air) temperature; a peak, relative indicator of heat exposure. Magma palette: dark = cooler, bright = hotter. Global Urban Canopy & Heat Exposure Study, 2026.